The Boy Who Will Never Be a Man :: Free Essay Writer

The Boy Who Will Never Be a compositionI believe The Man Who Was Almost A Man is an example of imprudent youth. The story is of a male child who trusts a torpedo for all the wrong reasons. His thoughts are of manhood. He associate a gun with manhood, but fails miserably to understand the concept of manhood or the responsibility thats closely connected with it. On the surface, the message of the story is that of a stupid, deceitful, unkind, violent, black boy with dreams of fitting a man with all its grandeur. As is seen in the text when the protagonist witness men in the field shooting their guns. The protagonist, known as Dave, decides promptly that he will purchase a gun and impress the men with his skill in handling the weapon (655). We see that Dave wishes dearly to arrive at the respect and power so closely associated with manhood. This man who is almost a man, deserves to be called boy at 17 and forever. Dave is not ready to be a man, he is not ready to except the respon sibility allied with the designation of creation a man. The story ends with a kindly white man being cheated out of $50 and the protagonist, the black boy-man, riding off into the night with nothing but anger, a gun and a long track record of light judgment. Upon further examination, Dave appears to be less responsible for his shortcomings. His poverty is deep and his parents are awful and he has no future. In his environment there is practically no way he could grow up and develop self-respect and the respect of others. Dave is treated just like a mule, given no responsibility, not unconstipated the chance to hold on to part of his earnings. This is seen when Joe, the store owner ask your ma letting you have your own money now?(656). Dave doesnt want a gun he wants to be a man. This is a natural, healthy desire that hasnt yet been beat out of him. The fact that he thinks a gun will do the trick is ignorant, but the only solution his environment can have him imagine. Daves belief that having a gun will do him a man is ridiculous and repellent but as the story turns out, his pursuit of having a gun is his ticket out of town, his only hope for becoming a man.

billy mitchell Essay -- essays papers

billy mitchellPART IThe end of the epoch of Re wrench in America brought forth the greatest rise in American Power. This era was known as the Guilded Age. Big business grew all over the country producing a few tycoons such as buns D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J. Pierpont Morgan. These men had extreme wealthiness through huge monopolistic enterprises. This was unfortunately at the expense of humansy immigrants who worked for these men. Women and children worked long hours in sweatshops for horrible wages. Men worked however they could some durations as miners, construction workers, railroad builders, and factory workers. These immigrants came from southeastern Europe mainly. The countrys population skyrocketed with the flow of immigration after the civil war. These immigrants built America, as you know it today. Due to Germanys unrestricted undersea warfare America had no choice but to enter into World War I. on April 6, 1917 America declared war on Germany. This was to b e ane of the bloodiest, dirtiest wars ever. They fought in what we call trench warfare. Long trenches went all the way down the enemy and friendly lines. Americas soldiers and technology had a big role in the allies scourge of Germany. The war was ended with the Treaty of Versailles. The United States never joined in the League of Nations, which the allies had formed thus continuing isolationism. The 1920s brought close a time of successfulness for America. 50% of Americans were living in urban areas by this time. The country was going through prohibition, making alcohol illegal. Cultural change brought about many problems in the U.S. Swing dancing and loose skirts were all the rage. Women were becoming more independent. Like all great things in life this age of prosperity sharply came to an end with the Great Depression. The Great Depression started in the fall of 1929 with the New York Stock Exchange crash. With the economy resting in the hands of the tycoons like Rockefeller t he depressive disorder was inevitable. By 1931, 5 million Americans were unemployed. The great nation, which was just coming to power, seemed like it was going to die out. It might have if a man named Franklin D. Roosevelt hadnt been elected president. Roosevelt began to launch in effect a plan he called the New Deal. He took the U.S. off the gold standard to help the crisis. He also passed a serie... ...y time of day. This is a huge plus for the military that Billy Mitchell did not foresee.William Billy Mitchell was undoubtedly one of the greatest figures in American military history. He is the experience of the U. S. Air Force, the one man who fought for what he knew was needed. He was a true American, unafraid of persecution and ridicule. Billy Mitchell fought his points to the point of his demise. Without this man there might not of been an Airforce. Without this man there might not be an America today.BibliographyAmerican Air Superiority, Billy Mitchells Role in the Air Forc e. Woodbridge, CT Primary Source Media, 1999. Rpt. In Student Recourses Center. Farmington Hills, MI Gale Group, Dec. 2000. http//264.312.569.115/servlet/SRC 29 Sept. 2001. Bellows, John. Billy Mitchell. Journal of American Military. 1953. 356-359.Burlingame, Roger. General Billy Mitchell Champion of Air Defense. New York McGraw- Hill, 1952.Hurley, Alfred F. Billy Mitchell Crusader for Air Power. Bloomington, IN. University Press, 1975.Jordan, Winthrop, Miriam Greenblatt, and John Bowes. The Americas A History. Evanston, IL McDougal, Littell and Company, 1991.

Flying Home :: essays research papers fc

" degenerate Home" a Living Story. Ralph Waldo Ellison is perhaps one of the most influential African-American writers of the ordinal century. Ellison is best known for writing astir(predicate) such topics as self-awareness, identity, and the racial repression of African-Americans in the United States. His masterpiece, Invisible Man, chronicles the story of a young man pains to find himself in a terra firma where he is hardly noticed. This novel won him much respect in the eyes of the literary community. Earlier in his career, Ellison also wrote many influential compendious stories. "Flying Home", is one of Ellisons stories that call the attention of all concerned with the basic essence of world freedom. In "Flying Home", Ellison creates a provocative statement about the Black situation in the south in the 1940s that is rich with symbolism and personal experience. Born on establish 1, 1914, in Oklahoma, Ellison was raised in an environment that promot ed self-fulfillment. His father, who named his son after Ralph Waldo Emerson and hoped to raise him as a poet, died when Ellison was three. Ellisons find enlisted abusives into the Socialist Party and was also a domestic worker. In the early 1930s, Ellison won a scholarship to Alabamas Tuskegee Institute, where he studied symphony until 1936(Busby 10). Later, to earn money for his education (after a mix-up regarding his scholarship), he traveled to red-hot York, where he met Richard Wright and became involved in the Federal Writers Project. advance to write a review for New Challenge, a publication edited by Wright, Ellison began composing essays and stories focusing on the strength of the human spirit and the demand of racial pride. It was during this time that Ellison composed "Flying Home." "Flying Home", is the story of a young man who is one of a very small bod of African-American pilots in World fight II. The story begins as the young man, named Todd, c rashes his trainer plane into a Southern crop field. Injured and unable to move, Todd is helped by one of the field workers, a melanize man named Jefferson. Todd, a man of the "white" world is overcome by feelings of disgust by the appearance and demeanour of Jefferson. Todd feels physically ill from having to deal with mortal of such low class. At this early point in the story the reader wonders why Todd, a black man, would show such terrible feelings toward psyche of his own race.Flying Home essays research papers fc "Flying Home" a Living Story. Ralph Waldo Ellison is perhaps one of the most influential African-American writers of the twentieth century. Ellison is best known for writing about such topics as self-awareness, identity, and the racial repression of African-Americans in the United States. His masterpiece, Invisible Man, chronicles the story of a young man striving to find himself in a world where he is hardly noticed. This novel won him much res pect in the eyes of the literary community. Earlier in his career, Ellison also wrote many influential short stories. "Flying Home", is one of Ellisons stories that call the attention of all concerned with the basic essence of human freedom. In "Flying Home", Ellison creates a provocative statement about the Black situation in the south in the 1940s that is rich with symbolism and personal experience. Born on March 1, 1914, in Oklahoma, Ellison was raised in an environment that promoted self-fulfillment. His father, who named his son after Ralph Waldo Emerson and hoped to raise him as a poet, died when Ellison was three. Ellisons mother enlisted blacks into the Socialist Party and was also a domestic worker. In the early 1930s, Ellison won a scholarship to Alabamas Tuskegee Institute, where he studied music until 1936(Busby 10). Later, to earn money for his education (after a mix-up regarding his scholarship), he traveled to New York, where he met Richard Wright and became involved in the Federal Writers Project. Encouraged to write a review for New Challenge, a publication edited by Wright, Ellison began composing essays and stories focusing on the strength of the human spirit and the necessity of racial pride. It was during this time that Ellison composed "Flying Home." "Flying Home", is the story of a young man who is one of a very small number of African-American pilots in World War II. The story begins as the young man, named Todd, crashes his trainer plane into a Southern crop field. Injured and unable to move, Todd is helped by one of the field workers, a black man named Jefferson. Todd, a man of the "white" world is overcome by feelings of disgust by the appearance and demeanor of Jefferson. Todd feels physically ill from having to deal with someone of such low class. At this early point in the story the reader wonders why Todd, a black man, would show such terrible feelings toward someone of his own race.

A Rose for Emily :: A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

She would not listen to them (795), but they listened to her. They listened and watched throughout all of Miss Emilys life scowling, sympathizing, and, sometimes, they even smiled for her. These ever-watchful beings, the curious citizens of Jefferson, share and fork up a backbone to this twisted tale in William Faulkners gothic short legend, A Rose For Emily though the views cast about Miss Emily dissent significantly by generation and gender, their opinion conveyed as a whole expresses that they view Miss Emily as a shocking, unacceptable and fallen (792) being.Faulkners speech pattern on narration drives the mystery farther. Along with the disturbing secret Emily hides, Faulkner conceals the identity of the narrator or narrators. The townsfolk, as a whole, are the narrator, yet throughout the beak it is suggested that the spokesperson for the town changes. For example, in part I, the narration appears to be from a member of the older generation as he or she observes the next g eneration, with its more modern ideas (788) come to a dissatisfactory conclusion about a resolution for the odor coming from Miss Emilys estate. However, in part IV it is suggested that the narrator for the townspeople is a woman worrying keening about Emilys relationship, her material purchases, and the details of her decaying looks. The pronoun we is used instead of I proposing that the opinions stated are the world-wide consensus of the entire town such as we believed that she was fallen the entire town sees her as a failure of what she could flummox been. When the pronoun I is utilized, this typically expresses that the speaker exploitation I is against the wants of the townsperson speaking or possibly the entirety of the town. I is primarily used by Miss Emily, proving her to be an outcast in the eyes of her society. settle Stevens also speaks in the first person singular when he fight to defend Miss Emilys respect feeling the actions suggested are not requirement (79 0). The different citizens mold the readers thoughts and emotions towards Emily - being as the townsfolk are the reason the story exists. They are an essential part of Emilys story and thusly their views, whether fully believable or not, must be taken into account on the mystery case that is Miss Emilys life.The people of Jefferson have always held a certain curiosity for the events in Emilys life and despite the years the curiosity continued.

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays papers

optimistic ActionAffirmation Action In Today Society Myths and FactsAs America nears the send away of the twentieth century, we still face many lingering problems that stand unresolved. One of the most pressing and difficult problems is that of human relations, or to many, the trigger word quicken relations. For over 225 years America has been trying to fulfill the promise of the founders of this nation that All Men Are Created Equal, yet we still see institutionalized injustices and discrimination. Therefore, this paper attempts to look at one controversial issue that was implemented to correct previous human relation injustices of our nations. This issue is Affirmative Action. To examine asseveration action, this paper looks at the origin of affirmative action programs, U.S. Supreme Court affirmative action debate, employment and affirmative action, and finally myths and facts about affirmative action. I hope that through this paper these issues can be presented to gain a bett er understanding of affirmative action in todays society.Affirmative action is a policy assigned to increase representation of women and minorities in business, educational institutions and government. It origin lies in the legislation that came out of the civil right driveway of the 1960s. The Civil Right Act of 1964 was passed, which forbids discrimination unions, employment agencies, and business employing more than 25 employees. However, the tasks for enforcement of this law had been immense and extremely difficult. In an endeavor to redress the dogmatic discriminations of the past, especially against blacks, remedial programs often called affirmative action were undertaken by educational institutions, unions, and governments. These programs required a percentage of minorities group (racial minority and women) representation goal and a timetable for accomplishment of that goal. The basic premise was to level to playing ground for minorities.Almost, immediately from its incept ion affirmative action program has been controversy. The process of minority goals and percentages created a right on white backlash. Critics charge that the ratios are not goals but quotas and that affirmative action programs really call for reverse discrimination (discrimination against white males). Resolution of this interlocking is difficult. While it is true that some minority group ... ... doors by themselves. In a perfect world program such, as Affirmative Actions would not be needed. Personnel decisions would be basis upon each individuals abilities and qualifications, without regards to gender or ethnic group. However, we are far from a perfect world. As huge as we have prejudices, hatred, and discrimination in society, programs of Affirmative Action will be necessary.BibliographyColeman, James William, and Cressey, Donald R. Social Problem. 5th ed. Harper Collins College Publishers. refreshful York. 1993. 188-190Levenson, Alec R., and Williams, Darrell L. racial America Opposing View, Affirmative Action Combat Unintentional Racism, Greenhaven Press Inc., San Diego, 1996, 154-158 Bender, David and Leone, Bruno. Work Opposing Viewpoints, Affirmative Action Promotes Equality, Greenhaven Press Inc., San Diego, 168-176 coal miners Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Sierra Home, 1998Reflective in Race Relation, Online, www. Elibrary.com, 18 Feb. 1999Coleman, Jonathan. Long Way To Go Black & White In America, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 1997Carter, Stephen L., Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby, Basic Books, New York,

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays papers

Affirmative executeAffirmation Action In Today Society Myths and FactsAs America nears the end of the twentieth century, we still face umteen lingering problems that stand unresolved. One of the most pressing and difficult problems is that of human relations, or to many, the trigger word race relations. For over 225 years America has been exhausting to fulfill the promise of the founders of this nation that All Men Are Created Equal, yet we still see institutionalized injustices and secernment. Therefore, this paper attempts to look at bingle controversial issue that was implemented to correct previous human relation injustices of our nations. This issue is Affirmative Action. To examine affirmation action, this paper looks at the origin of favourable action programs, U.S. Supreme Court affirmatory action debate, employment and affirmative action, and finally myths and facts about affirmative action. I hope that through this paper these issues provide be presented to gain a b etter understanding of affirmative action in todays society.Affirmative action is a policy depute to increase representation of women and minorities in business, educational institutions and government. It origin lies in the legislation that came out of the civil right movement of the 1960s. The Civil Right Act of 1964 was passed, which forbids discrimination unions, employment agencies, and business employing more than 25 employees. However, the tasks for enforcement of this law had been immense and extremely difficult. In an endeavor to redress the systematic discriminations of the past, especially against blacks, remedial programs often called affirmative action were undertaken by educational institutions, unions, and governments. These programs required a percentage of minorities group (racial nonage and women) representation goal and a timetable for accomplishment of that goal. The basic premise was to level to playing ground for minorities.Almost, immediately from its incept ion affirmative action program has been controversy. The process of minority goals and percentages created a powerful white backlash. Critics charge that the ratios atomic number 18 not goals but quotas and that affirmative action programs really call for reverse discrimination (discrimination against white males). Resolution of this conflict is difficult. While it is true that some minority group ... ... doors by themselves. In a perfect world program such, as Affirmative Actions would not be needed. Personnel decisions would be basis upon separately individuals abilities and qualifications, without regards to gender or ethnic group. However, we are far from a perfect world. As long as we have prejudices, hatred, and discrimination in society, programs of Affirmative Action will be necessary.BibliographyColeman, James William, and Cressey, Donald R. Social Problem. 5th ed. Harper Collins College Publishers. unfermented York. 1993. 188-190Levenson, Alec R., and Williams, Dar rell L. Interracial America Opposing View, Affirmative Action Combat Unintentional Racism, Greenhaven Press Inc., San Diego, 1996, 154-158 Bender, David and Leone, Bruno. Work Opposing Viewpoints, Affirmative Action Promotes Equality, Greenhaven Press Inc., San Diego, 168-176Colliers Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. Sierra Home, 1998Reflective in Race Relation, Online, www. Elibrary.com, 18 Feb. 1999Coleman, Jonathan. Long Way To Go Black & White In America, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 1997Carter, Stephen L., Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby, Basic Books, New York,

Analyse the policies of the Japanese towards Essay

Analyse the policies of the Nipponese towarfareds the civilians in East and Southeast Asia amidst 1937 and 1945, including their implementation and cushions. Evaluate two sources in your answer. Identify components and the relationship between them draw out and relate implications Hashimoto once said Japans matter structure is the highest principle of mankind. All the countries must form an organic unity, with Japan as brains, growing and developing as a living being to a lower place the supreme guidance of His Excellency the Emperor This quote best summarises the policy of the Japanese during this period of time.Japanese expansionist policies and how they were implemented and impacted upon civilians will be further explained by dint ofout the essay. The two sources that will be evaluated are Higher than Heaven by Rick Tanaka and Tony Barrel and Group Psychology of the Japanese in War Time, by Iritani. The official Japanese policy was to ensure self preservation and self defen ce of the Empire and to create a new serviceman order. This was outlined in the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere which aimed to create an Asian society with Japan being the leader.They wished to see the countries revolt against their colonial powers and hoped to fill the neutralize left by the colonial power. However, when this did not happen the Japanese military leaders decided to impose their ideology by force. Japanese domination would single be possible if the other nations embraced and eventually assimilated into Japanese culture. Hence, most of Japanese policy was directed towards the preoccupancy of cultures.Official policies outlined in the The Japanese draft for South East Asia, instructions of the Japanese military published in August 1942, include guiding the civilians so that they accept the empires policies. If civilians were not accepting the policies hence political and economic pressures were to be applied to the various governments to ensure the execut ion of Japanese policies under strict supervision, as was done in China. Cultural assimilation was to be ensured through control over customs, religions and education.A broad aim with these was to create an atmosphere respectful of labour and to spread the Japanese culture through the empire. Eventually symbols of significance and geographical sites were to assume Japanese names (as was done by Manchuria being changed into Manchunko), a accepted symbol of Japanese imperialism. However, Japan lacked in raw materials so some of their policies were aimed at getting resources such as oil so that they could continue the war. Policies were aimed at rapidly securing resources of the southern areas so that the war potential of the empire would be strengthened.This caused some untoward policies towards civilians. Although the official line for the word of civilians was to be neither too lenient nor too savage, which was back up by a document called Read this and the war is already won w hich outlined that Japanese soldiers were to be humane to civilians as they were fighting the war to unblock the Asian people from colonial rule, a document called Lessons for the Battlefield explained the treatment of civilians that occurred during the period of 1937-1945.Westerners are attacked for surrendering and it warns that death is preferable to surrender, it outlines that civilians who surrender are to be toughened as below human as only lowly creatures surrender. It also calls for the Japanese soldiers to be single minded in achieving their aims. Japan had ratified the Hague conformity but did not comply with it, instead they followed government instructions outlined in Lessons for the Battlefield. The implementation and impacts of Japanese policies caused tsunamis of shock to flow all approximately the world, American media reports of the atrocities caused anti-Japanese feelings to develop all over the world.In China policies were implemented with the policy of kill al l, burn all, destroy all to gain control. This was especially true in Nanking as outlined by The rape of Nanking. Here buildings were burnt, women were raped and innocent citizens were murdered in various gruesome ways including ripping the stomachs, jab out the heart, boiling people and beheading victims. Iritani believes that this occurred due to the incredibly harsh fighting conditions in China which elevated the abnormal psychological state of the soldiers. early(a) historians believe that it was done in order to gain control and create a puppet regime in Nanking where Japanese assimilation could begin. In Nanking solo the impact of this policy caused the deaths of approximately 300,000 people in just six weeks. Women were captured and sent to comfort stations to act as sex slaves although geisha houses were banned in Japan. As the war in China became longer and supply lines became inefficient Japanese soldiers began to confiscate crops and other agricultural goods, which led to food shortages and last a failing of the saving.Manchunko, formerly Manchuria, became the centre of Japanese military and economic power, however the ultimate failure of Japanese economic policies caused the downfall of the Manchurian saving by 1945. The implementation of policies in Korea was the epitome of the attempt at Japanese civilisation. The Japanese language was to be used in schools and all were required to result Shinto services although the population was mostly Buddhist. Forced labour was implemented to help achieve the aims of the Japanese, usually worked in factories making ammunition for the Japanese.Forced rough drawing was enforced and Koreans filled the lowest positions of the Japanese army to set up their patriotism. Here too, women were forced to become comfort women. Nationalist movements were suppressed to ensure Japanese control. The impacts on Korea, apart from the large amounts of deaths that occurred to civilians that opposed the regime was the ultimate division of Korea along the 38th parallel. The USA and USSR government divided Korea for the purpose of accepting the surrender of Japanese troops.It was the harsh Japanese policies and their implementation that caused opposition forces to rise, including the rising of the communist anti-Japanese guerrillas in Dongbei. The conflict between North and South Korea still continues today, instituteing the lasting impact of the implementation of Japanese policies. The Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941 brought with it the implementation of Japanese policies including the three all policies brought widespread destruction to the Island, especially in Manilla where many an(prenominal) civilians were killed.Although a co-operative government was established in 1943, the failure of Japanese economic policies caused such devastation to the Philippines that several hundred million dollars were needed to recover the economy at the end of the war. In French Indo-China rice pad dies were converted to jute for the war effort and forced labour was imposed. In Burma workers were forced to work on the Burma-Thailand railway, conditions were so harsh that 90,000 workers were killed. These harsh conditions caused the formation of the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League which resisted the weak Japanese installed government.In Malaya and Singapore all Chinese civilians were arrested immediately as they were suspected of supporting Chiang Kai-shek, implementation of the Japanese policy of total control. The Japanese saw the importance of Singapore as a military base and keep strict control of it by the Japanese military and secret policy. Malay workers were also forced to work on the Burma-Thai railway. The worsening of working conditions and the extremely harsh requisitioning of men and materials caused the eventual rise of opposition including the group led by Lim Bo Seng.The Dutch East Indies was seen as a jewel by the Japanese as it contained oil, and hence th e control of this was particularly important. Assimilation attempts included the forced study of the Japanese language and the forced singing of the Japanese national anthem to show patriotism. Impacts have included the death of up to four million people and Japanese training of young military men formed the nucleus of the gestate war independence army. Japanese policies also caused economic hardships.All countries occupied by Japan during the war had similar impacts such the mistreatment and subsequent death of civilians and adverse economic impacts. All nations also suffered a substantial psychological impacts from the years of harsh oppression, as described by Lai Yeo, who was a comfort woman to the Japanese. The impact of Japanese policies did not end with their rule, the emotional scars will be something I will have to bear forever Source Evaluation Wantanabe Shoichi claimed that the harsh treatment of Japanese did not occur, the Nanking massacres were fictional A Japanese n ationalistDoesnt match other sources Saburo Inega Campaigned against the censorship of Japanese textbooks that omitted out the atrocities Book written to show the Japanese policies the nake realities of the pacific war More reliable Iritani 3rd generation Japanese American Useful as provides both perspectives and reasons for acts of atrocities Delves into the psyche Matches with other sources Lai Yeo phrase on the internet First hand experience of Japanese brutality Matches with other sources although it seems to be a bit exaggerated Psychological state seems fragile, memories may be disrupted.

Police Personality Essay

The termination regarding the phrase guard personality has acquired great debate. Arguably this has been primarily over the problem of definition and development. What is a natural law personality? How does it stamp? Is it a pre-existing condition, thus predisposing certain individuals to legal philosophy contrive, or whether it is just a product of occupational socialization (on the hypothecate experiences). Perhaps the issue is non as simply dichotomous as that conceivably it is an amalgam of both predispositions and experiences that anatomys this intangible personality.Does this personality manage them any different from the general population which they vowed to coiffe and protect? How do these attitudes and affect not only himself and the department he belongs to but also the police-community relation in general? These are round questions relating to the issue of police personality that will be answered along the way.To start with, how do we define police personality ? There are a few who do several models or theories ab out(a) this idea. According to G.A. Kelly (1955), personality is our abstraction of the activity of a person and our ensuing simplification of this abstraction to all matters of his relationship to former(a) persons, known and unknown, as rise up as to anything else that may seem particularly valuable. His theory is based on the vantage point of personality as a personal construct model. G. Alport (1937), an separate theorist describes this as a three-pronged task for a certain individual (1) self-objectification, (2) extension of self, (3) unifying philosophies of life.According to him, it can be further understood as a mixture of major and minor indications by which a single life is known and that a personality trait is a biological, psychological and social mixture that disposes a person toward specific kinds of action under specific circumstances. (Monte, 1999). With respect to the development of the police personality, A llport can be said to be adhering to the predisposition model-that a certain type of person becomes a police officer as opposed to the notion that job experiences shape the personality construct.A third psychologist, H. Kohut (1977) describes that normal development was a process of interaction between the growing infant and his mirroring and idealizing self-objects. This assumption gos to support the view that police personality is a mixture of the predisposition model and the experience model. But regardless of the process by which this certain personality has developed from, what are these traits that make up a police personality? The characteristics usually associated with police personalities in present times are machismo, bravery, authoritarianism, cynicism and aggression. Additional characteristics have been associated with police personalities as well suspicious, solidaristic, conservative, alienated and thoroughly bigoted (Balch, Skolnick 1977). In movies like Lethal Weapo n which stars Mel Gibson, we see an image of a cop that is not only brave and technologicalbut a super cop, who can handle al nearly anything that goes in his way.The movie Training Day by acclaimed actor Denzel Washington also depicts a vicious, sadistic cop. Gone are the days when people picture cops as men in uniform, walking around the neighborhood helping children to get their favorite cat down from a tree (a Boy Scout persona). Modern pop culture and the media have greatly helped the publics perception of at presents policemen. Little is known about how these men undergo series of screenings in order to be pass judgment though. Before existence hired, aspiring policemen go through several personality tests that determine whether they are capable enough to handle the job.Only men who display particular personality profiles (e.g. bravery, honesty, punctuality) are accepted to the force. But these screening, even with the help of psychologists, does not give us a clear pictu re of what police personality is all about. In contrast, it tells us what the police persona is NOT. There certain traits that make entry-level policemen unfit for the job. Examples are tardiness, excessive absences, alcoholism, and lack of assertiveness among many others. From the successful ones however we can gather some commonalities in their traits that may help us define police personality. People who enter the force turn out to be psychologically healthy and able young men who display common personality features. They are generally assertive and restless, with a high degree of physical energy. One trait that stands out from this however, is cynicism. Some professionals view cynicism as counterproductive and in due course, harmful not only to the individual but to the department as well. It said to that for the most part, it is a precursor to corruption, brutality, and misconduct for men in uniform. However, some also believe that, in recent years, findings show that cynicism is to be considered a police natural selection tool (Caplan, 2003). The police personality based on Skolnicks (1977) idea of the working personality is composed of three main elements danger, authority, and efficiency. The dangerous nature of being a police officer not only draws officers closer together but also makes them alienated from the general population. The sense of authority by police officers, experienced by interacting with the public, further makes them feel isolated. So is the notion of efficiency in which the use deception as a means of getting the job done. Some experts believe though, that the idea of alienation is not intrinsic to police officers, it rather lies in the communitys perceptions of the policemen.It is important that the community and the force work hand in hand in trying to rid the locale of criminality. In countries that are just developing, criminal cases are usually very high. Thus, the police force must be able to transform their image as a widel y feared and despised organization to a friendly and service-driven institution that whole kit in close partnership with the community. This is especially hard when the image of a certain department for example is a corrupt and brutal one. People tend to generalize that idea, and view the force being corrupt and all as a whole. Examining the psychological and sociological paradigms on police personality we get a clearer view of what makes the police men different from the rest of the population. The psychological paradigm posits that people with certain personalities are drawn to join the force (predisposition model). On the other hand, the sociological model suggests that these traits are developed along the way (based from the day to day experiences of police officers). Police personality, as a distinct entity, does exist. It exists as a result of the convergence of a specific baseline set of desirable personalities and work-related socialization. It is also a utility of, and is strongly characterized by, a police culture, shaped by the needs of officers to uphold personal safety and augment their professional potentials. (Twersky-Glasner, 2005).ReferencesAllport, G. (1937). Personality A Psychological Interpretation. New York Henry Holt.Balch, R., (1977). The police personality Fact or fiction. In D.B. Kennedy (Ed.). The Dysfunctional Alliance Emotion and reason in justice administration. (pp. 10-25). Cincinnati, OH. Anderson Publishing Company.Caplan, Joel. (2003). Police Cynicism Police Survival Tool?. The Police Journal Vol. 76. Rutgers University.Skolnick, J., (1966). evaluator without trial. New York John Wiley and Sons, Inc.Twersky-Glasner, A. (2005). Police Personality What Is It and Why Are They Like That? Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 2005, Volume 20, Number 1. New York.

Behaviorist psychology Essay

The cornerstone of behaviorist psycho synthetical science was the view that behavior should be examine as a product of objectively observable events instead of appealing to internal processes of the mind.John B. Watson famous pocket-size Alert Experiment was best cognize as a case study showing and proving evidence of classical conditioning and also an example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his tweak student, Rosalie Rayner, at Johns Hopkins University and its first findings were published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology.Little Albert at the age of eight months was given many emotional tests which included, being receptive briefly for the first time, to a etiolated rabbit, a rat, a dog, a monkey, masks with and without hair, cotton wool, burning newspapers, etc (Schultz, D.2011). Little Albert showed no signs of fear toward any of these items. A white laboratory rat was placed near Albert in which he was allowed to play with. He b egan to reach out to the rat as it roamed around him without fear. In posterior trials, Watson and Rayner made a loud sound behind Alberts back by striking a suspended steel bar with a devise when the baby touched the rat Little Albert responded to the noise by crying and showing fear.After several such pairings of the two stimuli, Albert was again presented with only the rat. Now, however, he became very distressed as the rat appeared in the room. He cried, turned and tried to move away from the rat. Apparently, Little Albert associated the white rat which was the original achromatic stimulus, now conditioned stimulus with the loud noise which was the unconditioned stimulus and was producing the fearful or emotional result of crying which is the originally the unconditioned response to the noise, now the conditioned response to the rat (Wiki 2014).A patient may be desensitized through the repeated introduction of a series of stimuli that approximate the phobia ( door 2008). Dese nsitization which is used to cure phobias was first developed by Mary Cover Jones in 1924 with her famous study of Little Peter. Cover Jones began her experiment with the destination of finding the most effective way to eliminate irrational fears in squirtren. Peter was chosen for the study because in all other aspects of infant sustenance he was considered to be normal except for his fear of rabbits. Peter was not only afraid of rabbits, hardly Cover Jones showed he would also cry when presented with other similar items such as, feathers, a fur coat, a fur rug and cotton. Cover Jones first conducted her experiments using a range of different treatments in hostel to eliminate the fear response in Peter. Cover Jones described her methods used in the Peter study as patient, meticulous and painstaking procedures, in coif to understand what was taking place.Cover Jones initiated the study having the rabbit 12 feet from Peter and brought the rabbit closer until it was nibbling on Peters fingers. As the rabbit was gradually brought closer to Peter with the presence of his favorite food, his fear subsided and he eventually was able to touch the rabbit without crying (Jones, M. C. 1924).These famous experiments in the history of psychology go through laid the foundation of modern day APA ethical principles because in my opinion early psychology center on measuring and understanding the mind. It focused on getting a better understanding of how our mind works and what triggers our thoughts to cause our actions or reactions. Without these experiments, APA ethical principles wouldnt exist. Our modern day APA ethical principles have been shaped by experiments conducted in the history of psychology due to accuracy, determination and in my opinion devotion. To provide beneficence and no maleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for peoples rights and dignity for those that psychologist work with and serve. These historical experimen ts present these principles without hesitation, always putting the subjects wellbeing first and foremost.I believe that the historical experiment, such as Little Albert that was conducted by John Watson did indeed violate with modern day APA ethical. I believe this because Watson may have had the childs wellbeing at heart, but in my opinion he could have cause health related issues such as hearing problems and etc. due to the loud noise associated with the rat, that caused the child to become frightened of it. As for Mary Cover Jones, I do believe that that she indeed complied with the modern day APA ethical because she always had the childs best interest. Instead of frightening the child she took the sense of fear from the child.In conclusion, these historical psychologist and experiments have paved the way for psychology in its entirety. These psychologist have demonstrated drive and passion of the field of psychology that has made it what it is today. I can only hope that one da y I too, may contribute my logical and illogical thinking, to this big bold world of psychology.ReferencesJones, M. C. (1924). A Laboratory Study of Fear The Case of Peter. Pedagogical Seminary, 31, 308-315 Retrieved from http//psychclassics.yorku.ca/Jones/Schultz, D. (2011). A History of Modern Psychology VitalSouce bookshelf version. Retrieved from http//online.vitalsource.com/books/1133173624/id/P13-123T.L. Brink (2008) Psychology A Student Friendly Approach. Unit 6 Learning. pp. 101 1Wikipedia (2014) The Little Albert Experiment Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment

Mitosis Replication of Eukaryotic Cells

Exercise 13MITOSIS REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLSANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Mitosis and cytokinesis be often referred to collectively as cellular division. why argon they more accurately c on the wholeed cellular replication? The result of mitosis is production of deuce cells (replicates) identical to the p atomic total 18nt cell. The genetic existent is replicated rather than divided.b. Does the cell calendar method of birth control have a rise and an end? The organization of our study of cellular events indicates a beginning and end, only the events continue to repeat.2.a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes during interphase, how m whatever chromosomes does it have during metaphase? During metaphase in that respect atomic number 18 8 double-stranded chromosomes.b. How m all does it have late(a)r mitosis is complete? After mitosis (and musical interval of chromatids) there argon 16 chromosomes distri moreovered between two nuclei.3.a. why would we choose an embryonic ma ss of cells for procedure 13. 3 in which to study the phase angles of mitosis? embryonic cells ar replicating and growing rapidlyb. Which stage of mitosis around often is associated with the beginning of cytokinesis? usually late anaphase4.a. What realm of a root has the most mitotic activity? meristem, just higher up capb. why is pinching of the cytoplasm inadequate for cytokinesis in fix cells? Pinching of cytoplasm is non appropriate for determined cell walls.c. Locate a shew cell in late telophase. What is the volume of the peeled cells coition to a mature cell? Each cell is smaller (approximately 1/2) than the evoke cell.5.a. Why ar the combined data from all the class members more meaningful than your results al champion? Combined results reduce random misplay.b. How accurate were your predictions for length of each(prenominal) stage of mitosis? believably non closec. What sources of error nooky you leaning for this technique to determine the time elapsed d uring each stage of mitosis? ariation in onion roots students ability to distinguish stages microscopic breed sections of roots whitethorn or may not pass through the thermonuclear materialExercise 14MEIOSIS REDUCTION DIVISION AND GAMETOGENESIS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why would shuffling genetic material and producing new combinations of characteristics be goodous to a species? New genetic combinations allow adaptation to changing environments.b. When would it be deleterious? New combinations always produce a per centum of disadvantageous characteristics the risk of bad gene combinations may be inappropriate in a stable, beneficial environment.2. a.Synapsis egests after chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid has replicated. How m each chromatids ar involved in crossing-over of a homologous pair of chromosomes?b. Suppose synapsis occurred between two homologous chromosomes, and oneness had alleles for blue eyes and brown hair and the separate had alleles for kelvin eyes and blonde hair. How m whatever different combinations of these alleles would be doable? 4 Remember that crossing-over does not necessarily occur between the loci, so the first combinations may remain intact. 3. a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes when it begins meiosis, how many chromosomes does it have after telophase I? Telophase II? with two chromatids each 4 with one chromatid eachb. What ar the major remnants between the events of meiosis and mitosis? ( train table 14. 2)c. What atomic number 18 some minor departures, and why do you consider them minor? minor differences would be those unrelated to chromosomal events4. a. During gametogenesis a sperm cell undergoes considerable structural change. What ar the basics of sperm structure and how does it relate to run low? The basics include small point with nucleus an acrosomal process with enzymes to digest the discoverer membranes of the egg a head and come rich in mitochondria and tail utilise to propel the cell to the egg.b. What is the advantage of producing sperm in a system of tubes rather than in solid waver paper? because sperm cells laughingstock be expelled easily from the body through a system of tubesc. What is each strand of a double-stranded chromosome called? chromatid5. How would retaining extra cytoplasm upgrade selection of a developing oocyte? More cytoplasm contains more nutrients to ensure survival.6. a. What are the relative surfaces of oocytes in a still follicle, a growing follicle, and a Graafian follicle? dormant oocyte 1X, growing oocyte 5X, mature oocyte 25Xb. ar diametric bodies telescopic in your nimble slither of a cat ovary? Why or why not? plausibly not, because cells in the ovary usually have not finished meiosis I, and polar bodies disintegrate rapidly desoxyribonucleic acid FINGERPRINTING LABRestriction Digestion of deoxyribonucleic acid Samples Observation Questions run the samples of desoxyribonucleic acid (physical properties). The DNA samples are clear, colorless liquid samples.Is there any observable difference between the samples of DNA? No. All samples take care similar.Describe the appearance of the labour endonuclease mix. The hindrance enzymes appear to be clear, colorless liquids.Restriction Digestion of DNA Samples Review QuestionsBefore you incubated your samples, describe any visible signs of change in the contents of the tubes containing the DNA combined with the barrier enzymes. DNA + EcoRI/PstI enzyme mix No visible change obvious in the tubes. bay window you retrieve any evidence to indicate that your samples of DNA were disrupted or altered in any way by the addition of EcoRI/PstI? Explain. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes.In the absence of visible evidence of change, is it still possible that the DNA samples were fragmented? Explain your reasoning. Yes. They may be chemically changed simply the changes may not be visible. Enzymes may have cut the DNA.After a 24 hour incubation period, are there any visible clues that the obstruction enzymes may have in some way changed the DNA in any of the tubes? Explain your reasoning. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes but the enzymes may have cut the DNA. The reactions are at the molecular direct and too small to be seen.Electrophoresis of Your DNA Samples Review QuestionsThe ionophoresis mechanism creates an electrical field positive and oppose ends of the gelatin. DNA molecules are negatively charged. To which pole of the electrophoresis field would you expect DNA to migrate (+ or -)? Explain. Positive.What color re sacrifices the negative pole? Black.After DNA samples are loaded in wells, they are forced to last through the gel matrix. Which size fragment (bountiful vs small) would you expect to move toward the pivotal end of the gel most quickly? Explain. Smaller. There is less resistance to their drift through the gel matrix.Which fragments are expected to travel the shortest distance remain walk-to(p renominal) to the well? Explain. Larger. There is more resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Lesson 4 concept QuestionsWhat can you assume is contained within each band? DNA fragments.If this were a fingerprinting gel, then how many kinds (samples) of DNA can you assume were placed in each separate well? One.What would be a logical chronicle as to why there is more than one band of DNA for each of the samples? The DNA must have been cut into fragments by restriction enzymes.What belike caused the DNA to become fragmented? The chemical action of the restriction enzymes cutting at specific base sequences.Which of the DNA samples have the same number of restriction sites for the restriction endonuclease used? Write the lane numbers.Lanes 2, 3, and 4 (CS, S1, and S2).Which sample has the smallest DNA fragment? The sample in lane 5 (S3).How many restriction sites were there in lane three? Two sites that cut the sample into two fragments.Which DNA samples appear to have be en cut into the same number and size of fragments? Lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2).Based on your analysis of the click, what is your conclusion about the DNA samples in the photograph? Do any of the samples seem to be from the same source. If so which ones? Describe the evidence that supports your conclusion.The DNA samples in lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2) are from the same single(a) because they have identical restrictions sites that yield identical fragments.DNA Fingerprinting OverviewWhat are we assay to determine? Restate the central question. We are trying to determine if samples of DNA that we were provided with are from the same individual or from different individuals.Which of your DNA samples were fragmented? What would your gel look like if the DNA were not fragmented? The number of fragmented samples testament vary. They will have one band on the gel if the DNA was not cut.What caused the DNA to become fragmented? The addition of restriction enzymes.What determines where a rest riction endonuclease will cut a DNA molecule? A especial(a) sequence of bases on the DNA called restriction sites.A restriction endonuclease cuts two DNA molecules at the same position. What can you assume is identical about the molecules at that location? The restriction sites are identical.Do any of your suspect samples appear to have EcoRI or PstI erudition sites at the same location as the DNA from the crime picture? The samples in lanes 2 and 5 match (CS and S3).Based on the above analysis, do any of the suspect samples of DNA seem to be from the same individual as the DNA from the crime scene? Describe the scientific evidence that supports your conclusion. The CS and S3 samples appear to be identical. They both produce similar banding patterns on the gel.Exercise 23 SURVEY OF BACTERIA groundS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND BACTERIA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why is it important that bacteria ass inunct nutrients? Nutrients must be released and re pedald for use by other living beingne sss. If nutrients were not released by decomposers, the nutrients would all eventually be locked up in dead, non-decaying tissue.b. What term would exceed describe heterotrophic bacteria that feed on living tissue? parasitism2. What is the mold and size of each bacterial colony? E. colimedium rod B. megateriumlarge rod R. rubrumsmall and thin spirillum 3. a. Which type of bacteria is most prevalent in the sample from your teeth? How do you know? belike grand positive because most of the cells are purpleb. Is Bacillus megaterium gram positive or gram negative? gram positive4. a. Where are the bacteria? are they between cells or at heart cells? inside the cellsb. Why is this relationship between a plant and bacterium called mutualism? Both partners benefit from the association.c. How does Rhizobium benefit from this association? nutrients from the arrayd. How does the host plant benefit from the association? nitrogen supply from the bacterium5. Based on their appearance, which drugs or chemicals retard the growth of bacteria? depends on the drugs that you use6. Do all cells of a trichome of Oscillatoria appear similar? yes7. a. Do adjacent cells share a crude sheath? usuallyb. What do you suppose is the suffice of the sheath? rampartc. Do clusters of Gloeocapsa represent multicellular organisms? Why or why not?No, the cells are not constipate dependentsthey can operate independently the protoplasms of the cells are not connected the aggregation of cells can be broken into individual cells without killing the cells.8. a. How is the shape of Merismopedia different from other cyanobacteria you studied in this drill? Merismopedia is a flat, square colony one cell thick.b. How would a colony attain this shape? equal divisions in two planesExercise 24Survey of Kingdom Protista The Algae ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Is the movement of Chlamydomonas smooth or does it appear jerky? relatively smoothb. Can you see both flagella? You may bespeak to reduce the lig ht intensity to see flagella. in all probability not, depends on students microscopec. How does methylcellulose assume movement of Chlamydomonas? slows it downd. How does the stigma help Chlamydomonas survive? detects light2. a. under(a) what environmental conditions would a zygote not undergo meiosis immediately? negative conditionsb. atomic number 18 spores of Chlamydomonas haploid or diploid? haploidc. Which portions of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas are haploid? all portions from meiosis to syngamyd. Which are diploid? all portions from syngamy to meiosis3. a. atomic number 18 the filaments of Spirogyra branched? nob. What is the shape of the chloroplasts of Spirogyra? spiralc. Can you see any stock certificateerhood tubes? If you cant, examine the prepared slides that demonstrate these structures. probably not seen on fit material, but easily seen on prepared materiald. How do you infer that Spirogyra reproduces asexually? mitosis and fragmentation4. a. How is Cladop hora morphologically similar to Spirogyra. How is it different? They are both filaments, but Cladophora is branched and Spirogyra is unbranched.b. What is the shape of its chloroplasts? patient of and dispersed5. a. What is oogamy? ne gamete (sperm) is small and motile, the other gamete (egg) is larger and nonmotileb. What are the tiny spheres inside the larger sphere of Volvox? daughter coloniesc. How do you suppose they get out? Parent colonies turn inside out or rupture.d. How do you think the number of cells in a young Volvox colony analyses to the number in a mature colony? less than or equal to the number in the mature colony6.a. How is Fucus structure different from green algae that you have examined antecedent in this exercise? Fucus is larger, more parenchymatous, and flattened.b. Are all portions of the thallus photosynthetic?How can you tell? probably not, due to different concentrations of pigmentsc. Considering where Fucus lives, what do you think is the function of its jellylike sheath? Since Fucus lives in intertidal regions, the gelatinous sheath probably prevents desiccation.d. Are the swollen structures solid masses or are they empty? essentially empty7.a. Are the gametes of Fucus isogamous or oogamous? oogamousb. How does the structure of tissue surrounding the reproductive structures par with that of green algae? Tissues in brown algae are more complex.8. a. Can you see any pores in the walls of diatoms? robably yesb. Are any of the diatoms moving? possiblyc. If diatoms lack flagella, how do you explain their motility? gliding on a gelatinous secretiond. How would diatomaceous earth discriminate to sand as a swimming pool filter material? Which would be better and why? Diatomaceous earth would be better because it is finer. How do the shapes of dinoflagellates contrast with other unicellular algae that you have observed in this exercise? bizarre and varied What is the function of the eyespot of Euglena? detect lightExercise 25 SURVE Y OF KINGDOM PROTISTA PROTOZOA AND SLIME MOLDS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Can you detect moving cytoplasm in the ex bunking pseudopods of Amoeba? probably yesb. What do you suppose the Amoeba is moving toward or away from? light or foodc. How does the Amoeba respond to nutrient broth? usually increased movementd. Approximately how long would it take an Amoeba to move crosswise the field of view on low power? a some minutese. Why is a contractile vacuole of a protozoan often more serious to see than a food vacuole? A contractile vacuole contains clear excretory fluid, while food vacuoles contain particulate matter.f. Why would excess water tend to accumulate in Amoeba? ecause solute concentration in the amoeba is high than the concentration in the environment and water diffuses into the cell2. How could fossilized forams in different geologic layers of rock or sediment indicate the probability of chanceing oil? Different species are present in different environmental conditions th erefore, a list of species may include those associated with environmental conditions appropriate for oil courseation.3. a. How large is a trypanosome relative to an Amoeba? much smallerb. What alga does a trypanosome superficially resemble? Euglena4. a. Are cilia visible on living or prepared paramecium? probably notb.Does Paramecium rotate as it moves? yesc. How does movement of Paramecium compare with that of Amoeba? With a flagellated alga? Paramecium moves much faster than Amoeba, but not as fast as many flagellated species.5. a. Why is the division of Paramecium cells called transverse fission? The plane of separation is transverse to the longitudinal axis.b. Why is transverse fission not a sexual process? it doesnt recombine genesc. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conjugation in Paramecium? disadvantages conjugation requires more than one organism and is nada consuming advantage creation of new genetic combinations6. a. What is the value or function of the rapi d contraction stalk of Vorticella? avoid predationb. What is the probable function of the moving cilia of Vorticella? create water currents bringing food particles to the organism7. a. Is cytoplasmic movement of Physarum apparent? probably yesb. Is the movement in a particular direction? probably not, but on moist medium they may apparently move toward foodc. What is a possible function of cytoplasmic movement in Physarum? avoid light, find foodExercise 26 SURVEY OF KINGDOM FUNGI MOLDS, SAC FUNGI, MUSHROOMS, AND LICHENS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Are hyphae present? ob. Are the cells motile? yes2. a. How many species of mold are on the bread? 2, 3, or 4b. Do any of the molds on the bread have hyphae modified as sporangiophores and sporangia? probably yesc. Is pigment distributed uniformly in each mycelium? If not, where is the pigment concentrated in each mold? No, pigment is usually concentrated in sporangia.d. What is the adaptive logical implication of spores forming on ends of u pright filaments rather than closer to the protective substrate? to enhance distribution of released spores3. a. In what structure is the dark pigment of Rhizopus concentrated? sporangiab.Is Rhizopus reproducing sexually as well as asexually in the same petri dish? How can you tell? Yes (if students are provided with cultures with two strains) because sporangia as well as zygospores are visible.4. What is the relative size of Penicillium hyphae compared to Rhizopus hyphae? Penicillium hyphae are much smaller than Rhizopus hyphae.5. a. Do you see trains of barm cells produced by budding? probably yesb. How is the structure of yeast hyphae different from that of molds? Yeast hyphae are greatly reduced to a chain of one or two cells, while molds are very long and multicellular. 6. What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid cells? Dikaryotic cells have two distinct nuclei, each with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes a diploid cell has one nucleus with a diploid (double set of chromosomes).7. How many spores would you estimate are present on the gills of a single cap of Coprinus? Remember that a prepared slide shows only a cross section. many, many thousands8. a. What is the value of photosynthetic algae to the growth of a fungus in a lichen? Algae conduct photosynthesis and produce an energy rich carbon source, (i. e. , glucose).b. Would you expect lichens to grow best in farming(prenominal) or urban environments? Why? best in rural environments because they are so sensitive to air pollutionExercise 27 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM LIVERWORTS, MOSSES, AND HORNWORTS OF PHYLA HEPATICOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, AND ANTHOCEROPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. What are the functions of rhizoids? anchorage, possibly absorption2. What is the function of these pores? gas exchange3. How do the positions of the archegonium and antheridium relate to their reproductive function? Antheridia need to disperse sperm and are upright with pores on top of the antheridial disk arche gonia are protected under the surface of the archegonial disk.4. a. What is the function of the base? nutrient transport from gametophyte to sporophyteb. Are spores haploid or diploid? haploidc. What is the serviceable significance of the response of elaters to moisture? dispersal of spores5. a. How many cells thick is the leaflet? one or twob. Is there a midrib? Vein? yesc. Are stomata or pores visible on the leaf surface? probably notd. How does the symmetry of a moss gametophyte compare with that of a liverwort gametophyte? Mosses are radially symmetrical and liverworts are bilaterally symmetrical. 6. a. How many generation its own weight did the moss absorb? or more timesb. How does this compare with the paper towel? much greaterc. Why is Sphagnum often used in shipping items that must be kept moist? because it holds water so well7. Where is the egg located in the archegonium? egg is enlarged cell at base of neck8. Are sperm haploid or diploid? haploid9. Is the sporophyte mo re turgid in mosses or liverworts? mosses10. What is the adaptive significance of the seta of the sporophyte growing well above the mat of the gametophyte? better dispersal11. a. What process produces spores? meiosisb. Is the capsule haploid or diploid? diploid12. Can you think of any evolutionary implications of the similarity between a moss protonema and a filamentous green alga? both have similar form and live in similar habitat, which suggests that selective pressures for developing these structures may have been similarExercise 28 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS OF PHYLA PTEROPHYTA, LYCOPHYTA, PSILOPHYTA, AND SPHENOPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Which parts of the life cycle are haploid? gametophyteb. Which are diploid? sporophyte2.a. How many venous blood vessels are present in each frond? usually 1 large veinb. What tissues compose a vein? ylem and phloemc. What is the function of the stalk? The blade? The pinnae? stalksupport blade and pinnaephotosynth esis3.a. What is the function of an annulus? breaking point for opening sporangiumb. Are any spores in the sporangium? probably so4.a. Did the application of acetone cause the spores of the fern to disperse? probably yesb. How is the mechanism for spore dispersal in ferns similar to that of bryophytes? Moisture causes changes in cell (elater or annulus) shape to release spores.5.a. Is the prothallium haploid or diploid? haploidb. Is the prothallium sporophyte or gametophyte? gametophyte6. a.What is the adaptive significance of having these structures on the lower surface of the prothallium rather than on the upper surface? protection from desiccationb. What is the adaptive significance of having sperm and egg produced at different times? discourages inbreeding7. How do Salvinia and Azolla differ from other ferns youve examined earlier? smaller, aquatic8. a. What type of crotch characterizes Psilotum? dichotomousb. Are any roots present? noc. Are any leaves present? nod. Where are t he sporangia? at end of short lateral branchese. Where does photosynthesis occur in Psilotum? stem9.a. Where are the leaves? n rings along stemb. What part of the plant is photosynthetic? stemc. Which part of the life cycle of Equisetum is dominant, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte10.a. How does strobili formation in Equisetum compare with genus Lycopodium and genus Selaginella? sporangia of Lycopodium and Selaginella are on microphyllsb. How do elaters aid in the dispersal of spores? moves spores11. a. How could a rootstalk be involved in asexual reproduction? produces new growth, which could be uncaring from parent plant (e. g. , via fragmentation), thereby resulting in a new individualb. How is a rhizome different from a rhizoid? hizome is underground stem rhizoid is small, rootlike structurec. Does the rhizome have leaves? depends on specimen, but probably yesd. What is the shape and size of the leaves? thin, elongate, arranged in spiralse. What is the significance of this form of the leaves? intercept light for photosynthesisf. Is a midvein visible? yes g. What does the word semi-evergreen mean? does not lose all of its leaves seasonallyh. Is evergreenness a good characteristic for classifying plants? Why or why not? No, unrelated plants are evergreen.12. a. How many sporangia occur on each sporophyll of Lycopodium? oneb.Can you see why spores of Lycopodium are sometimes called vegetable sulfur? yesc. Why are the spores a good, alter lubricant? powdery certain species produce some oild. Which is the dominant part of the Lycopodium life cycle, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte13. a. Are spores of Selaginella similar in size? nob. What is this condition called? heterosporousc. What is the functional significance of the difference in the appearance of dehydrated and rehydrated Selaginella? water conservation and survival during droughtd. Can you see why these plants are sometimes referred to as resurrection plants? yesMitosis Replication of Eukaryotic CellsExercise 13MITOSIS REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLSANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Mitosis and cytokinesis are often referred to collectively as cellular division. Why are they more accurately called cellular replication? The result of mitosis is production of two cells (replicates) identical to the parent cell. The genetic material is replicated rather than divided.b. Does the cell cycle have a beginning and an end? The organization of our study of cellular events indicates a beginning and end, but the events continue to repeat.2.a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes during interphase, how many chromosomes does it have during metaphase? During metaphase there are 8 double-stranded chromosomes.b. How many does it have after mitosis is complete? After mitosis (and separation of chromatids) there are 16 chromosomes distributed between two nuclei.3.a. Why would we choose an embryonic mass of cells for procedure 13. 3 in which to study the stages of mitosis? embryonic cells are replicating and growing rapidlyb. Which stage of mitosis most often is associated with the beginning of cytokinesis? usually late anaphase4.a. What region of a root has the most mitotic activity? meristem, just above capb. Why is pinching of the cytoplasm inadequate for cytokinesis in plant cells? Pinching of cytoplasm is not appropriate for rigid cell walls.c. Locate a plant cell in late telophase. What is the volume of the new cells relative to a mature cell? Each cell is smaller (approximately 1/2) than the parent cell.5.a. Why are the combined data from all the class members more meaningful than your results alone? Combined results reduce random error.b. How accurate were your predictions for length of each stage of mitosis? probably not closec. What sources of error can you list for this technique to determine the time elapsed during each stage of mitosis? ariation in onion roots students ability to distinguish stages microscopic cross sections of roots may or may not pass through the nuclear materialExercise 14MEIOSIS REDUCTION DIVISION AND GAMETOGENESIS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why would shuffling genetic material and producing new combinations of characteristics be advantageous to a species? New genetic combinations allow adaptation to changing environments.b. When would it be deleterious? New combinations always produce a percentage of disadvantageous characteristics the risk of bad gene combinations may be inappropriate in a stable, beneficial environment.2. a.Synapsis occurs after chromosomal DNA has replicated. How many chromatids are involved in crossing-over of a homologous pair of chromosomes?b. Suppose synapsis occurred between two homologous chromosomes, and one had alleles for blue eyes and brown hair and the other had alleles for green eyes and blonde hair. How many different combinations of these alleles would be possible? 4 Remember that crossing-over does not necessarily occur between the loci, so the original combinations may remain intact. 3. a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes when it begins meiosis, how many chromosomes does it have after telophase I? Telophase II? with two chromatids each 4 with one chromatid eachb. What are the major differences between the events of meiosis and mitosis? (see table 14. 2)c. What are some minor differences, and why do you consider them minor? minor differences would be those unrelated to chromosomal events4. a. During gametogenesis a sperm cell undergoes considerable structural change. What are the basics of sperm structure and how does it relate to function? The basics include small head with nucleus an acrosomal process with enzymes to digest the outer membranes of the egg a head and neck rich in mitochondria and tail used to propel the cell to the egg.b. What is the advantage of producing sperm in a system of tubes rather than in solid tissue? because sperm cells can be expelled easily from the body through a system of tubesc. What is each strand of a double-stranded chromosome called? chromatid5. How would retaining extra cytoplasm enhance survival of a developing oocyte? More cytoplasm contains more nutrients to ensure survival.6. a. What are the relative sizes of oocytes in a dormant follicle, a growing follicle, and a Graafian follicle? dormant oocyte 1X, growing oocyte 5X, mature oocyte 25Xb. Are polar bodies visible in your prepared slide of a cat ovary? Why or why not? probably not, because cells in the ovary usually have not finished meiosis I, and polar bodies disintegrate rapidly DNA FINGERPRINTING LABRestriction Digestion of DNA Samples Observation QuestionsDescribe the samples of DNA (physical properties). The DNA samples are clear, colorless liquid samples.Is there any observable difference between the samples of DNA? No. All samples appear similar.Describe the appearance of the restriction endonuclease mix. The restriction enzymes appear to be clear, colorless liquids.Restriction Digestion of DNA Samples Review QuestionsBefore you incubated your samples, describe any visible signs of change in the contents of the tubes containing the DNA combined with the restriction enzymes. DNA + EcoRI/PstI enzyme mix No visible change apparent in the tubes.Can you see any evidence to indicate that your samples of DNA were fragmented or altered in any way by the addition of EcoRI/PstI? Explain. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes.In the absence of visible evidence of change, is it still possible that the DNA samples were fragmented? Explain your reasoning. Yes. They may be chemically changed but the changes may not be visible. Enzymes may have cut the DNA.After a 24 hour incubation period, are there any visible clues that the restriction enzymes may have in some way changed the DNA in any of the tubes? Explain your reasoning. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes but the enzymes may have cut the DNA. The reactions are at the molecular level and too small to be seen.Electrophoresis of Your DNA Samples Review Qu estionsThe electrophoresis apparatus creates an electrical field positive and negative ends of the gel. DNA molecules are negatively charged. To which pole of the electrophoresis field would you expect DNA to migrate (+ or -)? Explain. Positive.What color represents the negative pole? Black.After DNA samples are loaded in wells, they are forced to move through the gel matrix. Which size fragment (large vs small) would you expect to move toward the opposite end of the gel most quickly? Explain. Smaller. There is less resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Which fragments are expected to travel the shortest distance remain closest to the well? Explain. Larger. There is more resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Lesson 4 Thought QuestionsWhat can you assume is contained within each band? DNA fragments.If this were a fingerprinting gel, then how many kinds (samples) of DNA can you assume were placed in each separate well? One.What would be a logical explanatio n as to why there is more than one band of DNA for each of the samples? The DNA must have been cut into fragments by restriction enzymes.What probably caused the DNA to become fragmented? The chemical action of the restriction enzymes cutting at specific base sequences.Which of the DNA samples have the same number of restriction sites for the restriction endonuclease used? Write the lane numbers.Lanes 2, 3, and 4 (CS, S1, and S2).Which sample has the smallest DNA fragment? The sample in lane 5 (S3).How many restriction sites were there in lane three? Two sites that cut the sample into two fragments.Which DNA samples appear to have been cut into the same number and size of fragments? Lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2).Based on your analysis of the photograph, what is your conclusion about the DNA samples in the photograph? Do any of the samples seem to be from the same source. If so which ones? Describe the evidence that supports your conclusion.The DNA samples in lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2) ar e from the same individual because they have identical restrictions sites that yield identical fragments.DNA Fingerprinting OverviewWhat are we trying to determine? Restate the central question. We are trying to determine if samples of DNA that we were provided with are from the same individual or from different individuals.Which of your DNA samples were fragmented? What would your gel look like if the DNA were not fragmented? The number of fragmented samples will vary. They will have one band on the gel if the DNA was not cut.What caused the DNA to become fragmented? The addition of restriction enzymes.What determines where a restriction endonuclease will cut a DNA molecule? A special sequence of bases on the DNA called restriction sites.A restriction endonuclease cuts two DNA molecules at the same location. What can you assume is identical about the molecules at that location? The restriction sites are identical.Do any of your suspect samples appear to have EcoRI or PstI recogniti on sites at the same location as the DNA from the crime scene? The samples in lanes 2 and 5 match (CS and S3).Based on the above analysis, do any of the suspect samples of DNA seem to be from the same individual as the DNA from the crime scene? Describe the scientific evidence that supports your conclusion. The CS and S3 samples appear to be identical. They both produce similar banding patterns on the gel.Exercise 23 SURVEY OF BACTERIA KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND BACTERIA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why is it important that bacteria release nutrients? Nutrients must be released and recycled for use by other living organisms. If nutrients were not released by decomposers, the nutrients would all eventually be locked up in dead, non-decaying tissue.b. What term would best describe heterotrophic bacteria that feed on living tissue? parasitism2. What is the shape and size of each bacterial colony? E. colimedium rod B. megateriumlarge rod R. rubrumsmall and thin spirillum 3. a. Which type of bacteria is most prevalent in the sample from your teeth? How do you know? probably gram positive because most of the cells are purpleb. Is Bacillus megaterium gram positive or gram negative? gram positive4. a. Where are the bacteria? Are they between cells or inside cells? inside the cellsb. Why is this relationship between a plant and bacterium called mutualism? Both partners benefit from the association.c. How does Rhizobium benefit from this association? nutrients from the hostd. How does the host plant benefit from the association? nitrogen supply from the bacterium5. Based on their appearance, which drugs or chemicals retard the growth of bacteria? depends on the drugs that you use6. Do all cells of a trichome of Oscillatoria appear similar? yes7. a. Do adjacent cells share a common sheath? usuallyb. What do you suppose is the function of the sheath? protectionc. Do clusters of Gloeocapsa represent multicellular organisms? Why or why not?No, the cells are not obligate depen dentsthey can operate independently the protoplasms of the cells are not connected the aggregation of cells can be broken into individual cells without killing the cells.8. a. How is the shape of Merismopedia different from other cyanobacteria you studied in this exercise? Merismopedia is a flat, square colony one cell thick.b. How would a colony attain this shape? equal divisions in two planesExercise 24Survey of Kingdom Protista The Algae ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Is the movement of Chlamydomonas smooth or does it appear jerky? relatively smoothb. Can you see both flagella? You may need to reduce the light intensity to see flagella. probably not, depends on students microscopec. How does methylcellulose affect movement of Chlamydomonas? slows it downd. How does the stigma help Chlamydomonas survive? detects light2. a. Under what environmental conditions would a zygote not undergo meiosis immediately? unfavorable conditionsb. Are spores of Chlamydomonas haploid or diploid? haploidc . Which portions of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas are haploid? all portions from meiosis to syngamyd. Which are diploid? all portions from syngamy to meiosis3. a. Are the filaments of Spirogyra branched? nob. What is the shape of the chloroplasts of Spirogyra? spiralc. Can you see any conjugation tubes? If you cant, examine the prepared slides that demonstrate these structures. probably not seen on live material, but easily seen on prepared materiald. How do you think that Spirogyra reproduces asexually? mitosis and fragmentation4. a. How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra. How is it different? They are both filaments, but Cladophora is branched and Spirogyra is unbranched.b. What is the shape of its chloroplasts? broad and dispersed5. a. What is oogamy? ne gamete (sperm) is small and motile, the other gamete (egg) is larger and nonmotileb. What are the tiny spheres inside the larger sphere of Volvox? daughter coloniesc. How do you suppose they get out? Parent colo nies turn inside out or rupture.d. How do you think the number of cells in a young Volvox colony compares to the number in a mature colony? less than or equal to the number in the mature colony6.a. How is Fucus structure different from green algae that you have examined earlier in this exercise? Fucus is larger, more parenchymatous, and flattened.b. Are all portions of the thallus photosynthetic?How can you tell? probably not, due to different concentrations of pigmentsc. Considering where Fucus lives, what do you think is the function of its gelatinous sheath? Since Fucus lives in intertidal regions, the gelatinous sheath probably prevents desiccation.d. Are the swollen structures solid masses or are they empty? essentially empty7.a. Are the gametes of Fucus isogamous or oogamous? oogamousb. How does the structure of tissue surrounding the reproductive structures compare with that of green algae? Tissues in brown algae are more complex.8. a. Can you see any pores in the walls of di atoms? robably yesb. Are any of the diatoms moving? possiblyc. If diatoms lack flagella, how do you explain their motility? gliding on a gelatinous secretiond. How would diatomaceous earth compare to sand as a swimming pool filter material? Which would be better and why? Diatomaceous earth would be better because it is finer. How do the shapes of dinoflagellates compare with other unicellular algae that you have observed in this exercise? bizarre and varied What is the function of the eyespot of Euglena? detect lightExercise 25 SURVEY OF KINGDOM PROTISTA PROTOZOA AND SLIME MOLDS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Can you detect moving cytoplasm in the extending pseudopods of Amoeba? probably yesb. What do you suppose the Amoeba is moving toward or away from? light or foodc. How does the Amoeba respond to nutrient broth? usually increased movementd. Approximately how long would it take an Amoeba to move across the field of view on low power? a few minutese. Why is a contractile vacuole of a p rotozoan often more difficult to see than a food vacuole? A contractile vacuole contains clear excretory fluid, while food vacuoles contain particulate matter.f. Why would excess water tend to accumulate in Amoeba? ecause solute concentration in the amoeba is higher than the concentration in the environment and water diffuses into the cell2. How could fossilized forams in different geological layers of rock or sediment indicate the probability of finding oil? Different species are present in different environmental conditions therefore, a list of species may include those associated with environmental conditions appropriate for oil formation.3. a. How large is a trypanosome relative to an Amoeba? much smallerb. What alga does a trypanosome superficially resemble? Euglena4. a. Are cilia visible on living or prepared Paramecium? probably notb.Does Paramecium rotate as it moves? yesc. How does movement of Paramecium compare with that of Amoeba? With a flagellated alga? Paramecium moves much faster than Amoeba, but not as fast as many flagellated species.5. a. Why is the division of Paramecium cells called transverse fission? The plane of separation is transverse to the longitudinal axis.b. Why is transverse fission not a sexual process? it doesnt recombine genesc. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conjugation in Paramecium? disadvantages conjugation requires more than one organism and is energy consuming advantage creation of new genetic combinations6. a. What is the value or function of the rapid contraction stalk of Vorticella? avoid predationb. What is the probable function of the moving cilia of Vorticella? create water currents bringing food particles to the organism7. a. Is cytoplasmic movement of Physarum apparent? probably yesb. Is the movement in a particular direction? probably not, but on moist medium they may apparently move toward foodc. What is a possible function of cytoplasmic movement in Physarum? avoid light, find foodExercise 26 SURV EY OF KINGDOM FUNGI MOLDS, SAC FUNGI, MUSHROOMS, AND LICHENS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Are hyphae present? ob. Are the cells motile? yes2. a. How many species of mold are on the bread? 2, 3, or 4b. Do any of the molds on the bread have hyphae modified as sporangiophores and sporangia? probably yesc. Is pigment distributed uniformly in each mycelium? If not, where is the pigment concentrated in each mold? No, pigment is usually concentrated in sporangia.d. What is the adaptive significance of spores forming on ends of upright filaments rather than closer to the protective substrate? to enhance distribution of released spores3. a. In what structure is the dark pigment of Rhizopus concentrated? sporangiab.Is Rhizopus reproducing sexually as well as asexually in the same petri dish? How can you tell? Yes (if students are provided with cultures with two strains) because sporangia as well as zygospores are visible.4. What is the relative size of Penicillium hyphae compared to Rhizopus hyp hae? Penicillium hyphae are much smaller than Rhizopus hyphae.5. a. Do you see chains of yeast cells produced by budding? probably yesb. How is the structure of yeast hyphae different from that of molds? Yeast hyphae are greatly reduced to a chain of one or two cells, while molds are very long and multicellular. 6. What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid cells? Dikaryotic cells have two distinct nuclei, each with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes a diploid cell has one nucleus with a diploid (double set of chromosomes).7. How many spores would you estimate are present on the gills of a single cap of Coprinus? Remember that a prepared slide shows only a cross section. many, many thousands8. a. What is the value of photosynthetic algae to the growth of a fungus in a lichen? Algae conduct photosynthesis and produce an energy rich carbon source, (i. e. , glucose).b. Would you expect lichens to grow best in rural or urban environments? Why? best in rural environments be cause they are so sensitive to air pollutionExercise 27 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM LIVERWORTS, MOSSES, AND HORNWORTS OF PHYLA HEPATICOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, AND ANTHOCEROPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. What are the functions of rhizoids? anchorage, possibly absorption2. What is the function of these pores? gas exchange3. How do the positions of the archegonium and antheridium relate to their reproductive function? Antheridia need to disperse sperm and are upright with pores on top of the antheridial disk archegonia are protected under the surface of the archegonial disk.4. a. What is the function of the foot? nutrient transport from gametophyte to sporophyteb. Are spores haploid or diploid? haploidc. What is the functional significance of the response of elaters to moisture? dispersal of spores5. a. How many cells thick is the leaflet? one or twob. Is there a midrib? Vein? yesc. Are stomata or pores visible on the leaf surface? probably notd. How does the symmetry of a moss gametophyte com pare with that of a liverwort gametophyte? Mosses are radially symmetrical and liverworts are bilaterally symmetrical. 6. a. How many times its own weight did the moss absorb? or more timesb. How does this compare with the paper towel? much greaterc. Why is Sphagnum often used in shipping items that must be kept moist? because it holds water so well7. Where is the egg located in the archegonium? egg is enlarged cell at base of neck8. Are sperm haploid or diploid? haploid9. Is the sporophyte more prominent in mosses or liverworts? mosses10. What is the adaptive significance of the seta of the sporophyte growing well above the mat of the gametophyte? better dispersal11. a. What process produces spores? meiosisb. Is the capsule haploid or diploid? diploid12. Can you think of any evolutionary implications of the similarity between a moss protonema and a filamentous green alga? both have similar form and live in similar habitat, which suggests that selective pressures for developing thes e structures may have been similarExercise 28 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS OF PHYLA PTEROPHYTA, LYCOPHYTA, PSILOPHYTA, AND SPHENOPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Which parts of the life cycle are haploid? gametophyteb. Which are diploid? sporophyte2.a. How many veins are present in each frond? usually 1 large veinb. What tissues compose a vein? ylem and phloemc. What is the function of the stalk? The blade? The pinnae? stalksupport blade and pinnaephotosynthesis3.a. What is the function of an annulus? breaking point for opening sporangiumb. Are any spores in the sporangium? probably so4.a. Did the application of acetone cause the spores of the fern to disperse? probably yesb. How is the mechanism for spore dispersal in ferns similar to that of bryophytes? Moisture causes changes in cell (elater or annulus) shape to release spores.5.a. Is the prothallium haploid or diploid? haploidb. Is the prothallium sporophyte or gametophyte? gametophyte6. a.What is the adapt ive significance of having these structures on the lower surface of the prothallium rather than on the upper surface? protection from desiccationb. What is the adaptive significance of having sperm and egg produced at different times? discourages inbreeding7. How do Salvinia and Azolla differ from other ferns youve examined earlier? smaller, aquatic8. a. What type of branching characterizes Psilotum? dichotomousb. Are any roots present? noc. Are any leaves present? nod. Where are the sporangia? at end of short lateral branchese. Where does photosynthesis occur in Psilotum? stem9.a. Where are the leaves? n rings along stemb. What part of the plant is photosynthetic? stemc. Which part of the life cycle of Equisetum is dominant, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte10.a. How does strobili formation in Equisetum compare with Lycopodium and Selaginella? sporangia of Lycopodium and Selaginella are on microphyllsb. How do elaters aid in the dispersal of spores? moves spores11. a. How c ould a rhizome be involved in asexual reproduction? produces new growth, which could be separated from parent plant (e. g. , via fragmentation), thereby resulting in a new individualb. How is a rhizome different from a rhizoid? hizome is underground stem rhizoid is small, rootlike structurec. Does the rhizome have leaves? depends on specimen, but probably yesd. What is the shape and size of the leaves? thin, elongate, arranged in spiralse. What is the significance of this form of the leaves? intercept light for photosynthesisf. Is a midvein visible? yes g. What does the word evergreen mean? does not lose all of its leaves seasonallyh. Is evergreenness a good characteristic for classifying plants? Why or why not? No, unrelated plants are evergreen.12. a. How many sporangia occur on each sporophyll of Lycopodium? oneb.Can you see why spores of Lycopodium are sometimes called vegetable sulfur? yesc. Why are the spores a good, dry lubricant? powdery certain species produce some oild. Wh ich is the dominant part of the Lycopodium life cycle, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte13. a. Are spores of Selaginella similar in size? nob. What is this condition called? heterosporousc. What is the functional significance of the difference in the appearance of dehydrated and rehydrated Selaginella? water conservation and survival during droughtd. Can you see why these plants are sometimes referred to as resurrection plants? yes

Organizational Culture and Incentives at Lincoln Electric

Case Title Organizational Culture and Incentives at capital of Nebraska galvanising Table Of Content Introduction An overview of the case study S. W. O. T Analysts Case Discussion Questions Recommendation 1. Introduction An overview ot the case study Lincoln Electric is a leading manufacturer of welding products, welding equipment, and electric motors, with to a greater extent than IJS$I billion in sales and 6,000 workers worldwide. Although now publicly traded, members of the Lincoln family hitherto own more than 60 percent of the stock.Lincoln Electrics tradition of innovative solutions, echnological leadership and commitment to customers, employees, and shareholders stems from the vision of its founder, John C. Lincoln and his brother, James F. Lincoln. Lincoln Electric has a very successful management system that other businesses benchmark their own systems by it. For years, other companies have tried to fgure out how management coaxes maximum productivity and feature from it s workers, even during difficult financial times. The Lincoln system succeeds largely because of an organizational culture establish on openness and trust, shared take in, and an egalitarian spirit.Although the string between managers and workers is firmly drawn, managers respect the expertise of production workers and value their contributions to many aspects of the business. The family has an open-door constitution for all top executives, middle managers, and production workers, and regular face to face communication is encouraged. Lincolns system worked so well in the US that management decided to extend it overseas. Lincoln built or purchased 11 plants in Japan, sec America, and Europe with plans to run the plants from the US using Lincolns expertise with management control systems.Managers saw the opportunity o beat local competition by applying manufacturing control inducing systems to reduce costs and raise production. The results were abysmal and nearly sunk the compa ny. Production and financial goals were not met. The huge losses in the international plants meant that the company would have to borrow m championy to pay US workers bonuses, or forego bonuses, for the first time, in Lincoln history. Management wondered whether the Lincoln Management System could be transferred to other countries. 2. S. W. O.T Analysts Strength Organizational Culture Everybody in company treated Equally whereby there is no special car parking area or managers and top management executives ,everybody will use the same cafeteria for breakfast or lunch and lastly they practicing open-door policy in the organization Any GAINS in productivity will be shared with Consumers low Price Employee Higher Pay Shareholders High Dividend Incentive Scheme Pay according to number pieces produced and enable the workers to gain more wages than the other welding company workers throughout the United states.In addition, these incentives system indirectly heightened the sense of owne rship among the plant workers and its encouraging them to produce more quality product ithin the timeframe. Lincoln main strength is Lowest cost structure and High level of productivity strategy Weakness Long working Hours According to the intentness law in US or any other countries ,the acceptable working hours for manufacturing company workers is (35 hours per calendar week ) whereas Lincoln electric practicing (43-58 hours per week ).No Base net income when there is no base salary, most of the workers will feel uncomfortable to work in that kind of organization. For instance, if the worker couldnt work for 43 to 58 hours per week, he or she might low wage than others and how that person would manage he cost of living in United States with that low wage. Opportunity was told by unknown distributor that American equipment will not sell good in Europe So instead company decides to set up the Wholly have subsidiaries and acquisition to make the Equipment locally to capture the international market.E. g. Lincoln acquired 7 manufacturer in Europe and Mexico takes 2 years to implement or channelise the entire company workers to follow and adopt the Lincoln organization culture and incentives system in Mexico. Threats Political In many Europe and Asian countries the brass considered piecework as Exploitative compensation system which force employers to work harder, therefore in Germany the strategy doesnt work well.Society As stated in weakness part, the tenacious working hours became threat when Lincoln implement the strategy in Other countries because it is not acceptable since labor law limit the working hours 35 hours per week Technical Managers have no experience of work outside US and the local managers also felt reluctant to implement the culture of Lincoln in the Unit. Legal Due to many lawsuit against the organizational culture and incentive systems of Lincoln s foreign acquired companies . Case Discussion Questions 1 . What is the source of Linco lns long-standing hawkish advantage in the United States market for arc welding equipment?Lincolns Electric long-standing competitive advantage in the United State market achieved by a high productivity rate per worker and this company success had been on extremely high level of employee productivity. Lincolns Electric apply incentive scheme based on piecework. The workers receive no based salary but depend on the number of pieces they produce. The piecework rates at the company enable an employee working at a normal pace to arn an income equivalent to the average rage for manufacturing worker in the area where the factory is based.A company faces a quality aspect when it comes to incentive scheme based on piecework. But at Lincoln Electrics the worker must repair or paid back any piecework that have defect. It fashion the workers must be responsible for their outputs. The work culture in Lincoln Electrics is one of the attributor. The company had a strong respect for the ability of the individual. Moreover, in this company, they practicing open-door policy whereby the communication barriers between Workers and managers were eliminated. All workers are treated equally despite of their position.Since 1934, production workers have been awarded a semiannual bonus based on virtue ratings. These rating are based on Objective criteria example employees level and quality of output. Subjective criteria example employees attitude toward cooperation and his or her dependability. This semiannual bonus motivates workers to realize better and work harder, resulting boost in productivity. Despite high employee compensation, the worker so productive than Lincoln has a lower cost than its competitors. 2. Why didLincoln draw in foreign markets through acquisitions and Greenfield ventures, rather than through exporting? The Lincoln Electrics did consider expanding into international market by exporting, but was told by foreign distributor that American equipment would not s ell well in Europe. So instead the company decides to set up wholly owned subsidiaries and acquisitions to make the equipment locally. Through acquisition, it was a promptly way to execute. The company can rapidly build its presence in this targeted foreign market. Lincoln acquired seven arc welding manufacturers in Europe and one in Mexico.